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Paper 3- December 2015

1. Thomas and Henrietta Bowler’s edition of The Family Shakespeare gave rise to the word Bowdlerize. What does it mean ?

(1) the expurgation of indelicate language

(2) the modernization of archaic vocabulary

(3) the insertion of bawdy songs

(4) the expansion of female characters

Answer: 1

2. First follow ____________ and your judgement frame. By her just __________, which is still the same. Supply the appropriate words to fill in the blanks.

(1) wit, law

(2) reason, rule

(3) nature, standard

(4) sense, criterion

Answer: 3

3. Preparation of vocabulary list for the purpose of English language teaching was carried out by__________.

(1) Otto Jespersen

(2) Noam Chomsky

(3) N.S. Prabhu

(4) Michael West

Answer: 4

4. Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri prefer to use Empire rather than imperialism. According to them

(1) There is only one empire and we had better recognize it. Hence the Empire with E upper case

(2) There may he many empires hut only one is patently visible and operational. That is denoted by Empire with E upper case

(3) The present day empire does not have an identifiable location or centre. Hence we ought to differentiate this view of Empire with E upper case

(4) The culturally dominant global empire is the only one that really matters. We signify that Empire with E upper case

Answer: 3

5. Who among the following critics discerned in the Shelleyan Lyric the signs of adolescence ?

(1) F.R. Leavis

(2) T.S. Eliot

(3) Cleanth Brooks

(4) I.A. Richards

Answer: 2

6. Two among the following critical journals became strongly associated with New Criticism.

(a) Partisan Review

(b) Southern Review

(d) Hudson Review

The right combination according to the code is :

(1) (a) and (b)

(2) (a) and (d)

(3) (b) arid (c)

(4) (c) and (d)

Answer: 3

7. Match the columns :

(a) Robert Burton

(b) Richard Hooker

(d) Thomas Nashe

(i) Urn Burial

(ii) The Unfortunate Traveller

(iii) The Anatomy of Melancholy

(iv) Of the Laws of Ecclesiastical Politie

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(1) (iii) (i) (ii) (iv)

(2) (iv) (ii) (i) (iii)

(3) (iii) (iv) (i) (ii)

(4) (i) (iii) (iv) (ii)

Answer: 3

8. Which of the following characters in The White Devil describes the glory of great men as : Glories, like glow worms a far off shine bright / But looked to near have neither heat nor light ..

(1) Vittoria

(2) Lodovico

(3) Flamineo

(4) Cornelia

Answer: 3

9. In which of Philip Larkin.s poem does he refer to .long uneven lines. of men waiting to be enlisted for the war ? (“Never such innocence again” concludes the poem)

(1) Mr. Bleaney

(2) Mc MXIV

(3) Ambulances

(4) Sad Steps

Answer: 2

10. In Franz Kafka’s Metamorphosis, Gregor Samsa one morning found himself changed in his bed to a monstrous kind of vermin. The most difficult thing for Samsa was :

(1) to look at his image in the mirror

(2) to remember what happened the day before

(3) to communicate with anyone

(4) to brush his teeth

Answer: 3

11. Identify the individual who is a nihilist from the following :

(1) Pechorin in A Hero of Our Times

(2) Bazarov in Fathers and Sons

(3) Levin in Anna Karenina

(4) Oblomov in Oblomov

Answer: 2

12. Which of these works in nineteenth-century Russian fiction originated the type of a Superfluous Man ?

(1) The Diary of a Superfluous Man

(2) A Hero of our Own Times

(3) Eugene Onegin

(4) Deal Souls

Answer: 3

13. What is Gilgamesh ?

(a) a Babylonian epic poem

(b) a series of gnomic verses

(d) the story of a harsh ruler

(1) (a) and (b)

(2) (c)

(3) (a) and (d)

(4) (b)

Answer: 3

14. American Dictionary of the English Language was the work of _________ published in ________

(1) Merriam Webster, 1903

(2) H.L. Mencken, 1930

(3) Noah Webster, 1828

(4) Benjamin Franklin, 1768

Answer: 3

15. Which of the following texts of Amitav Ghosh is based on the refugee occupation of an island in the Sundarvans ?

(1) Sea of Poppies

(2) The Hungry Tide

(3) River of Smoke

(4) The Glass Palace

Answer: 2

16. Which of the following is described by Robert Browning as A Child’s Story?

(1) Bells and Pomegranates

(2) Pauline

(3) Fifine at the Fair

(4) The Pied Piper of Hamelin.

Answer: 4

17. Identify the New Critic who served as the cultural attaché at the American Embassy in London from 1964 to 1966 :

(1) John Crowe Ransom

(2) Cleanth Brooks

(3) Allen Tate

(4) Robert Penn Warren

Answer: 2

18. .The Gilded Age refers to a period of American history between 1870 and the first decades of the twentieth century. Who among the following American writers is credited with the coining of the term?

(1) F. Scott Fitzgerald

(2) Mark Twain

(3) William Dean Howells

(4) Theodore Dreiser

Answer: 2

19. The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire in six volumes was a great achievement by Edward Gibbon. It was published between 1776 and 1788, two significant dates that.

(1) Signalled the end of the Napoleonic wars and the rise of Feudalism

(2) Signalled the American Revolution and the French Revolution

(3) Covered the fall of peasantry and the rise of bureaucracy in England

(4) Suggest the period of Queen Anne.s reign

Answer: 2

20. Being so caught up, so mastered by the brute __________ of the air, Did she put on his knowledge with his power, Before the __________ beak could let her drop. Yeats, ‘Leda and the Swan’ Choose the right words for the blanks

(1) beast, shiny

(2) force, animal

(3) blood, indifferent

(4) thrust, irate

Answer: 3

21. Match the following : Terms Description

(a) Ambiguity

(b) Aporia

(d) Heteroglossia

(i) A term coined by Julia Kristeva to refer to the fact that texts are constituted by a .tissue of citations..

(ii) A term used by Mikhail Bakhtin to describe the variety of languages and voices within a novel.

(iii) An irresolvable internal contradiction or logical disjunction in a text, usually associated with deconstructive thinking.

(iv) A term made famous by William Empson to indicate that a word, phrase, or text can be interpreted in more than one way.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(1) (iv) (i) (ii) (iii)

(2) (ii) (iii) (iv) (i)

(3) (iv) (iii) (i) (ii)

(4) (iii) (iv) (i) (ii)

Answer: 3

22. Did I request thee, Maker, from my clay To mould me man ? Did I solicit thee From darkness to promote me ? Which nineteenth-century work bears these lines from Paradise Lost as epigraph ?

(1) Wuthering Heights

(2) Frankenstein

(3) Don Juan

(4) Jude the Obscure

Answer: 2

23. A literary researcher now faced with choosing between a print text and its digital counterpart chooses the latter mostly to

(1) facilitate the consultation of an exhaustive bibliography

(2) avoid the expense of buying books

(3) look for specific words and phrases and lines

(4) enhance his/her understanding of textual variants, if any, between the two media

Answer: 3

24. Which of the following statements on Hudibras are true ?

(a) It is a novel written by Matthew Prior.

(h) It is a satirical poem published in 3 parts.

(d) Hudibras discusses complex issues of justice, politics and religion.

(1) (c) and (d) are true

(2) (a) and (d) are true

(3) (b) and (c) are true

(4) (a) and (b) are true

Answer: 3

25. The formalist critic ______________ mocked the character -based criticism of ___________ by posing a famous question, .How many children had Lady Macbeth?

(1) F.R. Leavis, E.K. Chambers

(2) Cleanth Brooks, F.L. Lucas

(3) Monroe Beardsley, Kenneth Burke

(4) L.C. Knights, A.C. Bradley

Answer: 4

26. Which of the following pair of words does not have two different vowel glides ?

(1) care, pure

(2) write, freight

(3) caught, court

(4) eight, ate

Answer: 4

27. Assertion (A) : Arts will often work obliquely, by myth or symbol. They may make their best criticism of life simply by being; they may best state by not stating.
Reason (R) : It follows, if even only part of all this is true, that the arts do have an important social function. Arts can give greater depth to a society’s sense of itself. A country without great art might be a powerful collection of thriving earthworms hut would be a sorry society.

(1) Reason (R) is perfectly aligned with Assertion (A)

(2) Assertion (A) is unrelated to Reason (R)

(3) Assertion (A) hardly reflects Reason (R).s elaboration

(4) Reason (R), in fact, contradicts Assertion (A)

Answer: 1

28. Which of the following is NOT an example of derivational morpheme ?

(1) friend – friendship

(2) courage – courageous

(3) rely – reliable

(4) climate – climactic

Answer: 4

29. Which of these statements is incorrect about presentism and its basic premises ?

(1) Hugh Grady is its principal proponent

(2) Our knowledge of works from the past is conditioned by and dependent upon the ideologies of the present

(3) Presentism does not contextualize cultural production in the same way or make use of the theorists that New Historicism does

(4) Historicism itself necessarily produces an implicit allegory of the present in its configuration of the past

Answer: 3

30. Where there is leisure for fiction, there is little grief., was Samuel Johnson’s criticism of a famous poem. Which poem was it?

(1) P.B. Shelley’s “Adonais”

(2) Philip Sidney`s “Astrophel and Stella”

(3) Thomas Gray`s “Elegy Written on a Country Churchyard”

(4) John Miltion`s “Lycidas”

Answer: 4

31. The story is grounded in the forbidden nature of Achenbach’s Obsession with a young boy; its author ultimately links the obsession with death, disease and esthetic disintegration. The author of the story is :

(1) Goethe

(2) Mann

(3) Borges

(4) Proust

Answer: 2

32. Which of the following novels of Joseph Conrad is set in Malay ?

(1) Nigger of the Narcissus

(2) Lord Jim

(3) Nostromo

(4) Heart of Darkuess

Answer: 2

33. Nuruddin Farah’s Maps tells the story of __________

(1) Abida

(2) Ahu

(3) Askar

(4) Andy

Answer: 3

34. One of the most quoted statements on poetry by John Keats is reproduced with blanks below. Complete the statement with correct words. If Poetry __________ as naturally as the leaves to a tree, it __________ at all.

(1) does not come; hid better not come

(2) comes not; might come not

(3) come not; had better not come

(4) come not; did not come

Answer: 3

35. Manohar Malgonkar was a hunter, a lieutenant colonel in the British army, and a tea-planter. He also wrote a memorable novel about the Sepoy Mutiny, especially Peshwa Baji Rao II. What is that novel ?

(1) A Distant Drum

(2) A Combat of Shadows

(3) A Bend in the Ganges

(4) The Devil`s Wind

Answer: 4

36. Who wrote the screenplay for the film version of John Fowles’s novel The French Lieutenant`s Woman?

(1) Harold Pinter

(2) Torn Stoppard

(3) David Marnet

(4) Caryl Phillips

Answer: 1

37. How all their plays be neither right tragedies, nor right comedies, mingling kings and elowns, not because the matter so carrieth it, hut thrust in the clown by head and shoulders to play a part in majestical matters. What term does Philip Sidney use to characterize such plays and which of the unities of Aristotle do they violate ?

(1) mongrel tragicomedy; unity of action

(2) mixed tragedies; unity of action

(3) multi-plot drama; unity of time

(4) mingled yarn; unity of place

Answer: 1

38. There is a large number of religious poems in Old English Poetry. One of the finest is the Dream of the Rood. The words Rood in the title means :

(1) the Cross

(2) the Christian

(3) the Infidel

(4) the Cardinal

Answer: 1

39. Identify from among the following, the one incorrect statement on M. Anantanarayanan’s Silver Pilgrimage (1961):

(1) M Anantanarayanan modelled this narrative on the well-known picaresque novels in English

(2) The Silver Pilgrimage is M. Anantanarayanan.s only foray into fiction

(3) This novel is mainly an account of the adventures of Jayasurya, a Sri Lankan prince of the sixteenth century

(4) Among the literary texts quoted by the novel are lines from Shakespeare, Donne and Rilke and classical Tamil poets

Answer: 1

40. Listed below are the titles of some influential books by Frank Kermode. Identify which one of the titles that does NOT belong to the set.

(1) The Sense of an Ending

(2) Not Entitled -A Memoir

(3) The Genesis of Secrecy

(4) The Great Code : The Bible amid Literature

Answer: 4

41. Identify the one erroneous statement on Neoclassicism listed below :

(1) Lodovico Castelvetro and Torquato Tasso greatly influenced English writers like Milton and Dryden

(2) Neoclassicism took its final form during the reign of Louis XIV (1638-1715)

(3) Boilean’s L’Art poétique influenced Pope’s Essay, on Criticism

(4) The English relation to Neoclassicism was one of dialogue. Most literally, this dialogue is effected in Addison`s An Essay on Dramatic Poesy

Answer: 4

42. In his Poems of Love and War, a collection of classic Indian poems in English translation, A.K. Ramanujan sought to revive an ancient ___________ poetic tradition. Choose the right word.

(1) Tamil

(2) Sanskrit

(3) Kannada

(4) Pali

Answer: 1

43. Arrange the following sentences in the order in which they appear in Emerson`s .Self-Reliance.:

(a) To be great is to be misunderstood.

(b) Pythagoras was misunderstood, and Socrates, and Jesus, and Luther, and Copernicus, and Galileo, and Newton, and every pure and wise spirit that ever took flesh.

(d) It is a right fool.s word.

(e) Misunderstood!

(1) (a), (e), (d), (c), (b)

(2) (e), (a), (b), (c), (d)

(3) (c), (d), (a), (b), (e)

(4) (e), (d), (c), (b), (a)

Answer: 4

44. X … Do you know it is nearly seven ?

Y (irritably) Oh! it always is nearly seven.

X well, I’m hungry.

Y I never knew you when you weren’t …

X What shall we do after dinner ? Go to a theatre ?

Y Oh no! I loathe listening.

X Well, let us go to the club ?

Y Oh no! I hate talking.

X Well, we might trot round to the Empire at ten ?

Y Oh no! I can’t bear looking at things.

It is so silly.

X Well, what shall we do ?

N Nothing!

X It is awfully hard work doing nothing. However, I don’t mind hard work where there is no definite object of any kind.

Identify the speakers in this dialogue :

(1) Aston (X) to Mick (Y) The Caretaker

(2) Algernon (X) to Jack (Y) The Importance of Being Earnest

(3) Lucky (X) to Pozzo (Y) Waiting for Godot

(4) Man (X) to the Woman (Y) The Waste Land

Answer: 2

45. Which of these Greek plays was a source for The Winter’s Tale ?

(1) Iphigeneia at Aulis

(2) AIcestis

(3) Medea

(4) Iphigenaia at Tauris

Answer: 2

46. Sweet is the lore which nature brings; Our meddling intellect, Mis-shapes the beauteous forms of things : We murder to dissect- Wordsworth Which of the following best summarises the speaker’s position ?

(1) Nature is incomplete without a human witness to attest to its beauty

(2) Human endeavours will succeed only if the laws of nature are taken into account

(3) Nature yields a pleasure superior to that derived from intrusive human inquiry

(4) He flaws inherent in human nature are also evident in the natural world

Answer: 3

47. (a) Jean Baudrillard tells us the postmodern societies are marked by simulacra.

(b) By simulacra he means non-representations of reality.

(d) It was not Jean Baudrillard but his interpreters who coined the term .simulacra..

Which of the above statements are true ?

(1) (b), (c) and (d)

(2) (a) and (c)

(3) (c) and (d)

(4) (b) and (c)

Answer: 2

48. Which of the following is correct as the natural order of language acquisition ?

(1) Listening -Reading -Speaking -Writing

(2) Writing -Reading -Listening -Speaking

(3) Listening -Speaking -Reading -Writing

(4) Reading -Listening -Speaking –Writing

Answer: 3

49. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE regarding the poems of Derek Walcott ?

(1) His poem ‘Goats and Monkeys’ has an epigraph from Shakespeare’s Othello

(2) In ‘The Sadhu of Couva’ Walcott refers to Diwali, Hanuman and the Ramayana

(3) Walcott has written a poem entitled ‘Jean Rhys’

(4) In ‘A Far Cry From Africa’ Walcott depicts his divided loyalties in the context of the Changuna Uprising

Answer: 4

50. In Shakespeare’s time who owned the rights to a theatrical script ?

(1) the playwright(s)

(2) the patron of the acting company

(3) the printer

(4) the acting company

Answer: 4

51. Which of the following sentences uses more than three cohesive devices ?

(1) At that time a person could drive for miles without seeing a house

(2) All of them could recite the poem yesterday

(3) You can use a pencil, though not a pen, to write your name

(4) As soon as Mohan entered the stadium the crowd cheered

Answer: 3

52. Match the columns :

Indian Text English Translator

(i) William Jones Kamalata

(ii) Nathaniel Halhed

(iii) W. Franklin

(iv) T.H. Griffith

(a) The love of Kamarupa and

(b) Ramayana

(d) Abhijnan Sakuntalam

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(1) (iv) (iii) (ii) (i)

(2) (iii) (iv) (ii) (i)

(3) (ii) (iv) (iii) (i)

(4) (iv) (ii) (iii) (i)

Answer: 2

53. Which of the following is NOT TRUE of the New Bolt Report, .The Teaching of English in England.?

(1) It was commissioned in 1919

(2) It urged the teaching of the national literature

(3) It proposed the teaching of English Literature at the university level

(4) It aimed at uniting divided classes after the war

Answer: 3

54. This revenge tragedy opens with the long soliloquy of the protagonist carrying the skull of his poisoned fiance and swearing vengeance for the old Duke who has committed the vicious act. Identify the play.

(1) The Spanish Tragedy

(2) The Revenger’s Tragedy

(3) The Duchess of Malfi

(4) The Changeling

Answer: 2

55. What did Anthony Trollope seek to criticize through the character Mr. Slope ?

(1) Methodism

(2) Low Churchmen

(3) High Church doctrine

(4) Anglicanism

Answer: 2

56. .To refer to symbols as Lacanian symbols., to dub self-doubt as Lacanian self-doubt., and to call reflections in a mirror Lacanian reflections is not to read the mind from a perspective informed by Lacan. Nor do parenthetical references to Barthes. hermeneutic code and Foucault’s analysis of sexual discourse constitute an interpretation necessarily different from that of traditional humanist criticism

The author of the passage of objecting to critics who _______________.

(1) try to force a parallel between recent critical approaches and traditional humanist criticism

(2) decoratively apply the names and terminology of recent critical theories without employing the methodology

(3) attempt to reduce the study of literature to a hunt for coded messages and symbols

(4) stubbornly maintain a traditional notation of the role of criticism while refusing to acknowledge new theoretical developments

Answer: 2

57. Peter Ackroyd’s first novel, The Great Fire of London, picks up the historical echoes and artfully deploys a Dickens novel as an intertext. Identify the source Dickens text.

(1) Great Expectations

(2) Little Dorrit

(3) Martin Chuzzlewit

(4) Old Curiosity Shop

Answer: 2

58. Which of the following plays by Henrik Ibsen deals with the perils that await the emancipated woman in a society which is not ready to accept her ?

(1) A Doll’s House

(2) An Enemy of the People

(3) Hedda Gabler

(4) Pillars of Society

Answer: 3

59. .Yet it is the masculine values that prevail., observed a famous writer Speaking cruelly, she continued, football and sport are important., the worship of fashion, the buying of clothes trivial. Name the author and the text.

(1) Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman

(2) Audre Lorde Age, Race, Class….

(3) Virginia Woolf, A Room of One’s Own

(4) Jean Rhys, After Leaving Mr. Mackenzie

Answer: 3

60. According to Coleridge, the secondary imagination dissolves, diffuses, _________ , in order to recreate….. Choose the right word for the blank.

(1) disintegrates

(2) dissipates

(3) displaces

(4) dissociates

Answer: 2

61. Beginning 1996, an Indian publisher commenced the publication of a series of modern Indian novels in English translation. By 2003, it had published eighty novels of repute from almost all Indian languages. Identify the publisher.

(1) Asia Publishing House

(2) Macmillan India

(3) Jaico

(4) Arnold Heinemann

Answer: 2

62. William Dunbar’s Lament for the makers is about :

(1) kings

(2) priests

(3) poets

(4) peasants

Answer: 3

63. Who among the following protagonists of Thomas Hardy feels his lot as akin to Job’s ?

(1) Clym Yeo bright

(2) Angel Clare

(3) Jude

(4) Troy

Answer: 3

64. Edward Braithwaite’s poem Calypso assumes that you are familiar with ____________ .

(1) the business of Calypso during the Middle Passage

(2) the West Indian music in syncopated African rhythm

(3) the folk ways and mores of Trinidadian merchants

(4) the operatic performance of Banjos

Answer: 2

65. Which of the modern plays by a British playwright actually puts Shakespeare as character on stage ?

(1) Edward Bond’s Bingo

(2) Harold Pinter’s Mountain Language

(3) Terence Rattigan’s Inspector calls

(4) Joe Orton’s Loot

Answer: 1

66. A famous challenge to the Neoclassical tenets of form and reason in aesthetic considerations came from Edmund Burke. His work was titled :

(1) An Enquiry into the Philosophical Origin of, Our Ideas of the sublime and the Beautiful

(2) Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin Of Our Ideas of the Sublime and the Beautiful

(3) An Enquiry into the Philosophical Origin of Our Ideas of the Beautiful and the Sublime

(4) Philosophical Enquiry into Our Original Ideas of the Beautiful and the Sublime

Answer: 2

67. Match the following

(a) The Grammar -Translation Method

(b) The Direct Method

(d) The Natural Approach

(i) comprehensible input

(ii) strategic use of mother tongue

(iii) shuns mother tongue

(iv) oral input

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(1) (ii) (iii) (iv) (i)

(2) (ii) (iv) (i) (iii)

(3) (iv) (ii) (i) (iii)

(4) (iii) (i) (ii) (iv)

Answer: 1

68. Which of these works by Indian writers does NOT have the Naxalite Movement as a background?

(1) Mother of 1084

(2) The Lives of Others

(3) The Shadow Lines

(4) The Lowland

Answer: 3

69. So when the last and dreadful hour, This crumbling pageant shall devour, The trumpet shall be heard on high, The dead shall live, the living die, And music shall untune the sky. These are the closing lines of a famous poem. Identify the poem.

(1) Il penseroso

(2) Song for St. Cecilia’s Day

(3) The Good -Morrow

(4) Song : The Year’s at the Spring.

Answer: 2

70. This eighteenth-century English poem imitates spenser in stanza form and in allegorical narrative: passers -by are lured by an enchanter with promises of ease, luxury, and aesthetic delight, then consigned to a dungeon where they languish in apathy and impotence until the Knight of Arts and Industry dissolves the spell. Identify the poem.

(1) The Vanity of Human Wishes

(2) The Seasons

(3) The Castle of Indolence

(4) The Task

Answer: 3

71. Which of the following statements on the Hogarth press is FALSE ?

(1) The Hogarth press was founded in 1917 by Leonard and Virginia Woolf

(2) Its location was their home, called Hogarth House

(3) The press was solely devoted to publishing international classics in translation

(4) The press published translations of Gorky, Chekhov, Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, Rilke, Svevo and others

Answer: 3

Read the below passage and answer questions 72 to 75 that follows :

THE ANTIGUA THAT I knew, the Antigua in which I grew up, is not the Antigua you, a tourist, would see now. That Antigua no longer exists. That Antigua no longer exists partly for the usual reason, the passing of time, and partly because the bad-minded people who used to rule over it, the English, no longer do so. (But the English have become such a pitiful lot these days, with hardly any idea what to do with themselves now that they no longer have one quarter of the earth’s human population bowing and scraping before them. They don’t seem to know that this empire business was all wrong and they should, at least, be wearing sackcloth and ashes in token penance of the wrongs committed, the irrevocableness of their bad deeds, for no natural disaster imaginable could equal the harm they did. Actual death might have been better. And so all this fuss over empire . what went wrong here, what went wrong there . always makes me quite crazy, for I can say to them what went wrong : they should never have left their home, their precious England, a place they loved so much, a place they had to leave but could never forget. And so everywhere they went they turned it into England; and everybody they met they turned English. But no place could ever really he England, and nobody who did not look exactly like them would ever be English, so you can imagine the destruction of people and land that came from that. The English hate each other and they hate England, and the reason they are so miserable now is that they have no place else to go and nobody else to feel better than.)

72. To whom is the passage directly addressed ?

(1) readers

(2) non-antiguans

(3) tourists

(4) the English

Answer: 3

73. The English feel extremely miserable because :

(1) Their political supremacy is over

(2) They do not have anyone else to feel superior to

(3) They have been reduced to a state of non-entity

(4) They have no lands to colonise

Answer: 2